<p>The Waterman Mountains are a low mountainous landform in Pima County, United States. Notable among the tree species is the elephant tree  which species exhibits a contorted multi-furcate architecture; most of these froze in the cold winter of 2011. The Waterman Mountain range is in the Ironwood Forest National Monument.</p><br>
<p>The Waterman Mountains are not extensive, and merge into the southern section of the Silver Bell Mountains. The south of the range abuts the northwest of the northwest-southeast trending Roskruge Mountains. The highest point of the range is Waterman Peak at 3,808 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistoric ecology</h2><br>
<p>The prehistoric ecology and plant community of the Waterman Mountains area of Arizona has been reconstructed to its composition as far back as the last glacial period, the Late Wisconsin glatial period. Dominant trees of that era, based upon pollen records, were Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla), and redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii), along with canotia (Canotia holacantha), and understory plants including Monardella arizonica.</p><br>
<p>Adalaj Stepwell  or Rudabai Stepwell is a stepwell located in the village of Adalaj, close to Ahmedabad city and in Gandhinagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was built in 1498 by Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty of Dandai Desh. It is an example of Indian architecture work.</p><br>
<p>The step well or Vav, as it is called in Gujarati, is intricately carved and is five stories deep. Such step wells were once integral to the semi-arid regions of Gujarat, as they provided water for drinking, washing and bathing. These wells were also venues for colourful festivals and sacred rituals.</p><br>
<p>Stepwells, also called stepped ponds, built between the 5th and 19th centuries, are common in Western India; over 120 such wells are reported in the semi-arid region of Gujarat alone, of which the well at Adalaj is one of the most popular. Stepwells are also found in more arid regions of the subcontinent, extending into Pakistan, to collect rain water during seasonal monsoons. While many such structures are utilitarian in construction, they sometimes include significant architectural embellishments, as in the Adalaj stepwell, which attracts a large number of tourists. In the past, these stepwells were frequented by travellers and caravans as stopovers along trade routes.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>While in Gujarati and Marwari language, the stepwell is called a vav, (leading down to the level of water), in other Hindi-speaking regions of North India it is known as a baoli (also spelt, ‘bawdi’, ‘bawri’ and ‘bavadi’).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the history of Adalaj Stepwell is stated, it would be informative to mention that the first rock-cut step wells in India are dated from 200 AD to 400 AD. Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550-625) and construction of stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950) took place.</p><br>
<p>The city of Mohenjo-daro has wells, which may be the predecessor of the step well; as many as 700 wells have been discovered in just one section of the city leading scholars to believe that cylindrical brick lined wells were invented by the people of the Indus Valley Civilization.</p><br>
<p>While early stepwells were made of stone, later step wells were made of mortar, stucco, rubble and laminar stones. The well cylinder was the basic form used to deepen the wells. It is also inferred that the Stepwells in Gujarat have survived so long in view of the builder’s knowledge of the soil conditions and the earthquake proneness of the region.</p><br>
<p>The well size recommended, based on considerations of stability, was of four to thirteen hasta (‘hasta’ a Sanskrit word, which means “forearm” of size varying from 12 -), A size of eight hasta was considered ideal and a 13 hasta well was considered dangerous. However, the well thickness from top to bottom remained generally uniform. By the 11th century, the step well planning and design acquired architectural excellence and the Hindu Stepwells were standardized.</p><br>
<p>The history of the Adalaj step-well built in 1498 is established by an inscription in Sanskrit found on a marble slab positioned in a recess on the first floor, from the eastern entry to the well. Its construction was started by Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty of Dandai Desh. But he was killed in a war, wherefater the Muslim king Mahmud Begada of a neighbouring state built it in Indo-Islamic architectural style, in 1499.</p><br>
<p>The Sanskrit inscription in the stepwell describes,</p><br>
<p>Then follows a glowing description of the well, after which the queen, or rather lady of the chief, is praised in a few verses; the expense is stated at 5,00,111 tankas, or over five lakhs, and the whole ends with a repetition of the date as given above.</p><br>
<p>The cultural and architectural depiction in the deep wells at various levels are a tribute to the history of step wells, built initially by Hindus and subsequently ornamented and blended with Islamic architecture during the Muslim rule.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>As per legend the 15th century, Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty, a Hindu ruler, reigned over this territory, then known as Dandai Desh. His kingdom was attacked by Mohammed Begda, the Muslim ruler of a neighboring kingdom. The Rana king was killed and his territory occupied by the invader. Rana Veer Singh’s widow, a beautiful lady known by the name Rani Roopba, though in deep grief at the death of her husband, agreed to a marriage proposal made by Mahmud Begada on the condition that he would first complete the building of the stepwell. The Muslim king who was deeply enamoured of the queen’s beauty agreed to the proposal and built the well in record time. Once the well was completed, Begda reminded the queen of her promise to marry him. instead the queen who had achieved her objective of completing the stepwell started by her husband, decided to end her life, as mark of devotion to her husband. She circumambulated the stepwell with prayers and jumped into the well, ending the saga of building the well in tragedy. These events are depicted on the walls of the well. Begda however allowed the well to remain without any defacing.</p><br>
<p>One version which is narrated in the 200 years old scriptures of Swaminarayan sect suggests that before she died, Rani Roopba requested religious saints to take bath in this stepwell so that the water in the stepwell gets purified by these saints thereby delivering her from her sins.</p><br>
<p>Another is linked to the tombs found near the well. The tombs of six masons who built the well are seen near the Vav. Begda asked the Masons if they could build another similar well and when they agreed Begda sentenced them to death instead. Begda was so impressed by the architectural excellence of the stepwell that he did not want a replica to be built.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Built in sandstone in the Solanki architectural style, the Adalaj stepwell is five stories deep. It is octagonal in plan at the top, built on intricately carved large number of pillars. Each floor is spacious enough to provide for people to congregate. It was dug deep to access ground water at that level, accounting for seasonal fluctuations in water level due to rainfall over the years. The air and light vents in the roofs at various floors and at the landing level are in the form of large openings. From the first story level, three staircases lead to the bottom water level of the well, which is considered a unique feature. Built along a North-South axis, entrance is from the South, the three staircases are from the South, West and East directions leading to the landing, which is on the northern side of the well. Four small rooms with oriel windows decorated with minutely carved brackets are provided at the landing level, at the four corners. The structural system is typically Indian style with traditional trabeat with horizontal beams and lintels. At the bottom of the well is a square stepped floor in the shape of a funnel extending to the lowest plane. This is chiseled into a circular well. Above the square floor, columns, beams, wall and arched openings spiral around; a feature that continues to the top. The top part of the well, however, is a vertical space open to the sky. The four corners of the square are strengthened with stone beams, set at 45 degrees angle. The motifs of flowers and graphics of Islamic architecture blend very well with the symbols of Hindu and Jain gods carved at various levels of the well. The dominant carvings on the upper floors are of elephants (3 in in size, each of different design). The Islamic architectural style could be attributed to the Muslim king Begda who built it. The walls are carved with women performing daily chores such as churning of buttermilk, adorning themselves, scenes of performance of dancers and musicians, and the King overlooking all these activities.</p><br>
<p>An interesting depiction carved from a single block of stone is of the Ami Khumbor (symbolic pot of the water of life) and the Kalp Vriksha (a tree of life). Also seen is a fresco of navagraha or nine planets. These depictions are said to attract villagers for worship during marriage and other ritualistic ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>The temperature inside the well is said to be about five degrees lower than the outside hot summer temperatures. This encouraged the women who came to fetch water to spend more time in the cool climes here. They stayed to worship the gods and goddesses and gossip.</p><br>
<p>A tribute paid to the rich underground structures, which are intricately decorated with sculptures, is that they are said to resemble palaces.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor information</h2><br>
<p>The Adalaj step-well is a popular tourist attraction of the Ahmedabad city and is situated 18 km north of the city. It is 5 km from Gandhinagar, the capital city of Gujarat.</p><br>
<p>Ahmedabad is well connected by road, rail and air links with the rest of the country. The international airport at Ahmedabad, known as the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Airport, has flights operating to several countries. Kalupur is the railway station closest to the stepwell.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building is a U-shaped, fourteen-story, historic steel structure building located on the corner of 16th and Farnam street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. The building was constructed in 1917. It was the original building for the First National Bank as well as the first high-rise building built in Omaha. At 210 feet, it is the 17th tallest building in the city and its unique structure makes it a landmark in downtown Omaha.</p><br>
<p>Renovations in 2000 converted a majority of the building from office space to residential. Currently, the first floor acts as a lobby for residents of the building. A separate partition houses retail, restaurants and another separate entrance exists for the 27 offices located on the second and third floors. Floors four through fourteen contain 81 luxury one- and two-bedroom condominiums.</p><br>
<p>When the building was remodeled and turned into condominiums, a library, gym, and basement storage were added.</p><br>
<p>Bangs Lake is a natural glacial lake that is located in Wauconda, Illinois. It is named after Justus Bangs, the first permanent settler in Wauconda, who arrived in the summer of 1836. Justus Bangs reportedly named Wauconda as well, supposedly after a Native American Indian character in a story Bangs had read. However, some believe that Wauconda was named after an Indian chief who is buried on the southern shore of Bangs Lake.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the Palatine, Lake Zurich and Wauconda Railroad brought vacationers to Wauconda from Chicago, and the beaches of Bangs Lake continued to be a popular vacation destination through the 1960s. In the 1980 film The Blues Brothers, beach scenes were filmed along the shores of Bangs Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Bangs Lake hosts many activities including swimming, boating, skiing and fishing during the summer months. The lake is home to such species as bluegill, channel catfish, largemouth bass, northern pike and yellow perch.</p><br>
<p>The Bangs Lake Multisport Festival is scheduled for August 2010 and has three different distances including an Olympic Triathlon, Duathlon, and Aquabike.</p><br>
<p>The winter months bring ice skating and ice fishing to the lake. The Walk on Water Charity Ice Fishing Derby will take place for its seventh year in February 2011.</p><br>
<p>This is an ice fishing event that helps raise funds for the Andrea Lynn Cancer Fund.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Nipomo was a 37,888 acre Mexican land grant in present day San Luis Obispo County, California given in 1837 by Governor Juan B. Alvarado to William Goodwin Dana. The grant encompassed present day Nipomo. The ranch is designated as a California Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Goodwin Dana (May 5,1797 - Feb 11, 1858) was born in Boston. Captain Dana went to sea early in life and arrived in Santa Barbara in 1825. He married Maria Josefa Carrillo, daughter of Carlos Antonio Carrillo in 1828. In 1836, Dana was alcalde of Santa Barbara. Dana was granted Rancho Nipomo in 1837. The family moved to Nipomo in 1839. Dana died at Nipomo in 1858.</p><br>
<p>With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Nipomo was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to William G. Dana in 1868.</p><br>
<h2>Historic sites of the Rancho</h2><br>
<p>Dana Adobe. Adobe home started by Captain Dana in 1839.</p><br>
<p>The Kirkland Hotel is located at the corner of Main Street and Clinton Avenue in Kingston, New York, United States. It is a Tudor-style building dating to the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare surviving example of a wood-frame urban hotel. From the middle of the 20th century to the early 1970s it was also a popular local restaurant. After it closed, redevelopment efforts stalled for several decades and it was almost demolished at one point. Today it is used as office space and apartments after being redeveloped. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2002, also becoming recognized as a contributing property to the Kingston Stockade District. After its redevelopment, it was recognized with a statewide preservation award.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is situated on an irregularly shaped lot on the east edge of uptown Kingston, outside the Stockade District. On the east is a garage in a similar style; to the south is an Ulster County office building. The neighborhood is urban, although not densely developed; the Old Dutch Church is a block and a half south along Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The hotel&#39;s main block is a trapezoid-shaped four-story frame building on a stone and brick foundation. A tower rises above the entry on the northwest. The roof is a complex series of intersecting steeply pitched gables.</p><br>
<p>On the west side, along Main Street, are two three-bay gabled blocks with another entrance in between them. A porch with steeply pitched roof wraps around the entire building at the first story. The main entrance is at the base of a tower on the northeast corner, topped with a cupola and finial. The north facade, along Clinton Avenue, has paired gables. The east and south have no decoration.</p><br>
<p>Inside the original layout remains mostly intact. Walls are finished in the original lath and plaster. A stair with metal newels and turned balusters connects all floors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel&#39;s site had been a lumberyard from 1876–85. In 1899 Margaret Conklin purchased the land and built the hotel in the relatively new Tudorbethan architectural style, very different from the mostly conservative, restrained styles hotels of the time were built in. It catered to guests doing business with the county, whose courthouse and offices are nearby.</p><br>
<p>Conklin sold the hotel in 1917 to George and Jane Holms, who in turn sold it to Samuel and Alice Saulpaugh five years later, in 1922. The Saulpaughs are credited with giving the hotel its name. They sold it to another couple, John and Mary Eagen, three years later. The Eagens operated the hotel until 1948, then sold to Max and Ruth Brugmann in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The Brugmanns began operating the Dutch Rathskeller restaurant and bar in the hotel basement. In 1968, they ended the hotel operations, and four years later, in 1972, shut down the restaurant.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 another owner opened the Cleaver Steakhouse in the basement space. It failed later that year. In the mid-1980s, as it passed through a succession of owners trying to redevelop it, the city attempted to designate it a landmark, but its Landmarks and Historic Preservation Commission never approved.</p><br>
<p>Yet another owner repainted it cream and green in 1988 but was unable to complete any other work. In 1996 it reverted to the city, and at one point it was slated for demolition to make way for a county parking garage. In 2002 the Rural Ulster Preservation Company (RUPCO), a local non-profit organization specializing in community development, bought the property with the support of the citys mayor and restored it, including the cupola and front porch, helped by a grant from NeighborWorks America. Hillary Clinton, then one of New Yorks USA senators, strongly supported the project, helping RUPCO obtain other financing.</p><br>
<p>Ultimately the project cost $4.7 million. At one point it was over budget by $500,000, and was under fire for RUPCO&#39;s use of non-union labor. RUPCO was able to install a geothermal heating system, saving money and making the redeveloped building greener.</p><br>
<p>The basement restaurant has been refurbished for a potential owner. It was then designated a city landmark prior to its listing on the Register. RUPCO currently rents out the space for commercial and residential purposes, as well as events.</p><br>
<p>The Main Interior Building, also known as the Stewart Lee Udall Department of the Interior Building, located in Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the United States Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>Located in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood, it is bounded by 19th Street NW on the west, 18th Street NW on the east, E Street NW on the north, C Street NW on the south, and Virginia Avenue on the southwest. Although the building takes up the entire block, the address is "1849 C Street, NW" to commemorate the founding of the Department of Interior in 1849. To the east is DAR Constitution Hall, the headquarters of the Daughters of the American Revolution, as well as the World Resources Institute and the American Red Cross National Headquarters. To the west is the Office of Personnel Management headquarters. To the north is Rawlins Park, which includes at its eastern end a statue of Major General John A. Rawlins. To the south is Triangle Park.</p><br>
<p>The Building includes offices of the Secretary of the Interior and Department employees. It also includes the Interior Museum and Interior Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1852 to 1917, the Interior Department was headquartered in the Patent Office building, which today houses the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. From 1917 until the completion of the Main Interior Building, the Interior Department was housed in what is now the USA General Services Administration Building, between E and F Streets and 18th and 19th Streets NW.</p><br>
<p>By the time President Franklin D. Roosevelt took office, the Department of the Interior had outgrown its headquarters, and satellite offices in 15 additional rented offices in Washington left employees scattered across the city and overcrowded. Plans for a new headquarters were undertaken by Roosevelt&#39;s Secretary of the Interior, Harold L. Ickes. Sworn in on March 4, 1933, immediately after the Roosevelt administration took office, Ickes received permission from President Roosevelt to take over the soon-to-be finished Interstate Commerce Building in the Federal Triangle area, but this plan was difficult because it required an act of Congress. As an alternative, Roosevelt recommended that funds be appropriated for a new building specifically for the Department. In 1934 Ickes - who as Administrator of Public Works led the Public Works Administration in addition to his position of Secretary - allotted $12.74 million, with the approval of the President, for a new Interior building.</p><br>
<p>Three sites were considered for the Interior Building: One on the National Mall facing Constitution Avenue between 12th and 14th Streets NW, the current site of the National Museum of American History; another on a cluster of small lots on the east, west, and north sides of the old Interior Building; and a third just south of the old Interior building and Rawlins Park in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood. On March 21, 1934, the third proposed site was selected. The plot including the area between 18th and 19th Streets and C and E Streets NW and was one of the few double-block sites in the city where an intervening street (D Street) could be eliminated for development.</p><br>
<p>Prominent Washington architect Waddy Butler Wood was selected to design the new Interior Building. Secretary Ickes was deeply involved in the design of the new building, and the January 9, 1937 edition of the Washington Daily News stated that "Secretary Ickes has a paternal concern for the new Interior Building. He designed most of it himself, and financed it through PWA." Ickes did not design the building, but many of its features were a result of its influence in the planning, design, and construction stages.</p><br>
<p>The building designed aimed for utility and economy. Significant aspects include wide central corridors, open courtyards, the movable steel office partitions, the acoustically treated ceilings, a floor reserved for mechanical equipment, and fireproofing. Ickes had air conditioning installed in his office in the Old Interior Building and insisted that central air condition be included throughout the building so that all employees could enjoy it, the first such system in a large government building. Melding aspects of practicality and aesthetics, the Main Interior Building became "one of the most functional and innovative government office structures in Washington" in the 1930s. Ickes reported in a Cabinet meeting that the Interior Building cost 10 to 15 percent less to operate than the buildings in the Federal Triangle even with air conditioning, and cost less per square foot. Ickes also included that group assembly space and employee amenities be added to the building, including the Conference Hall (Auditorium), the Activity Space (Gymnasium), the Cafeteria with courtyard, the Employees Lounge (South Penthouse, now offices) with soda fountain, the Interior Museum, the Art Gallery (currently offices), the Indian Arts and Crafts Shop, the Broadcasting Studio (North Penthouse), and the parking garage.</p><br>
<p>Systems for maintainable, efficiency, and fire protection were also included in the design. These included a central vacuum system, a floor between the fifth and sixth floors for mechanical equipment (including plumbing, electrical panels, telephone equipment, and air conditioning) and fire and security systems (automatic sprinklers in the parking garage and storage areas, a fire detection system on the mechanical floor, and 11 stairways for rapid evacuation).</p><br>
<p>Despite the functionalism of the building, art and architecture are also featured, including decorative detailing such as bronze grilles and hardware, the light fixtures, and plaster moldings, "reflecting the architects and his clients concern for design materials and craftsmanship." Some architectural details feature Interior Department symbols, including a buffalo motif on doors. The building contains more Public Work Administration artwork than any other government building and includes the work of the second-highest number of PWA artists, more than any except the Franklin Street Post Office Station in Washington.</p><br>
<p>As in other aspects of the building design, Ickes was involved in every step of artwork:</p><br>
<p>In Ickes&#39; official portrait the plans for the Main Interior Building are lying on the table in front of him.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Main Interior began in April 1935 and was completed in December 1936. The building was the first D.C. New Deal building - authorized, designed, and built by the Roosevelt administration. It was notable for the speed of its completion, with construction taking just 18 months.</p><br>
<p>At the dedication ceremony held on April 16, 1936, President Roosevelt referred to the building as "symbolical of the Nation&#39;s vast resources" and the "cornerstone of a conservation policy that will guarantee the richness of their heritage," while Ickes saw it as a "symbol of a new day."</p><br>
<h2>Renaming of Main Interior Building</h2><br>
<p>In 2010, the United States Congress passed legislation designating the Main Interior Building in Washington the "Stewart Lee Udall Department of the Interior Building." The bill was signed into law on 8 June 2010. Stewart Udall served as Secretary of the Interior for eight years (1961–1969). Stewart Udall died in March, 2010 at the age of 90.</p><br>
<h2>Indian Arts and Crafts Shop</h2><br>
<p>Ickes wanted to promote Native American art and included in the design of the building a shop in which arts and crafts from living Indian artists would be sold. Today, the Indian Craft Shop on the first floor includes work by Indian arts. There are also three murals in the shop. Breaking Camp at Wartime and Buffalo Hunt by Allan Houser, depicting the Apache, and Deer Stalking by Gerald Nailor, depicting the Navajo using sandpainting techniques.</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>Other murals in the building are by Maynard Dixon, Gifford Beal, and William Gropper. Among them:</p><br>
<p>An Incident in Contemporary American Life, Mitchell Jamieson, tempera on canvas, commissioned 1940, installed 1942. This depicts Marian Anderson&#39;s 1939 concert at the Lincoln Memorial after the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow an integrated concert to be held at Constitution Hall. Secretary Ickes offered the use of the Lincoln Memorial for her concert.</p><br>
<p>The Negro&#39;s Contribution in the Social and Cultural Development of America, Millard Sheets, oil on canvas, commissioned 1939, installed 1948. This series of four murals depicts African American influence on American in the four topics: Education, the Arts, Religion, and Science.</p><br>
<p>Indian and Soldier, Maynard Dixon, oil on canvas, commissioned 1937, installed 1939. This represents the Bureau of Indian Affairs and "symbolizes the transition of the Indian from warrior to farmer and the immense loss of Indian culture involved." The thickening clouds and disappearing buffalo signify the end of traditional life. The empty space evokes the vastness of the West.</p><br>
<p>Rush for the Oklahoma Land of 1894, John Steuart Curry, oil on canvas, commissioned 1937, installed 1939. This mural depicts an Oklahoma land run. It "captures the seconds after the great gunshot that launched the Oklahoma land rush. It is pure emotion in motion."</p><br>
<p>Construction of a Dam, William Gropper, oil on canvas, commissioned 1937, installed 1939. This mural, which the Interior Museum states is the building&#39;s most reproduced, "glorifies not just public works projects, but work itself," showing the "drama, dignity, and strength of labor."</p><br>
<p>Ansel Adams: Mural Project 1941–1942 was installed in March 2010 after lying dormant for almost 70 years. Then-Secretary Ickes commissioned Adams to produce large-format photographs to convey not only the beauty and grandeur of the natural scene, but to show Interior managed resources, conservation, sound direction and stewardship of those resources. The project was halted in 1942 due to the US entrance into World War II. At that time, Adams had made more than 200 images during a trek that began in Yosemite National Park. He photographed more than just nature, portraying Boulder Dam, at the time the world’s largest. A special part of Adams’ assignment was to show Natives American life and culture. Ansel Adams: The Mural Project 1941–1942 features 26 giclee canvas murals of some of the most iconic sites of the American West, including Grand Teton, Grand Canyon and Glacier National Parks.</p><br>
<p>The Dundee Historic Village is a historic district located in Dundee, Michigan. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 20, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The district itself is located about one mile east of US-23 along M-50 (known locally as West Monroe Street east of the river and Tecumseh Street to the west of the river) at the bend of the River Raisin. The majority of the district is on the north side of the river— including Riley, Ypsilanti, East Main, and Tecumseh Streets. South of the river includes a small portion of West Monroe and Toledo Streets. The district is colloquially known as the “Triangle District” for the unique shape of the grid plan where Riley and Tecumseh streets intersect at a 45° angle to produce a triangular piece of land cut off by Park Place on the west. The original owners of this triangular plot of land donated it to the village with the promise that it remain undeveloped as a park in the center of the growing community. Today, the triangle is known as Memorial Park, complete with a naval cannon and bandstand.</p><br>
<h2>Old Mill Museum</h2><br>
<p>The most notable building within the district is the Old Mill Museum at 242 Toledo Street on the opposite side of the river from the majority of the district. While the facility itself was not built until the 1850s, the dam upon which it is located was first constructed in 1827 and rebuilt in 1846. The facility first served as a gristmill for the growing milling industry in Dundee. Later, the building was converted to produce hydroelectricity as the village&#39;s only source of power around 1910. Automotive magnate Henry Ford purchased the building and restored it at great cost in 1934. He used it as a small factory to produce welding tips for his industry, and he was known to make many visits to Dundee. His interest in Dundee was an experiment to see if small towns could be used for his massive, global industry. Although the property is praised for its historical nature, it is not listed on the National Register of Historic Places in its own right.</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Carousel, also known as En-Joie Park Carousel and Ideal Park Carousel, is a historic carousel located at Endwell in Broome County, New York. The carousel was purchased between 1920 and 1925 and moved to its present site in 1967. It was previously located in Ideal Park . The carousel is housed in a wooden, one story, 16-sided, enclosed pavilion. The carousel has 36 figures: 34 horses, one pig and one dog, each of which is a "jumper," and two chariots. It was constructed by the Allan Herschell Company. It is one of six carousels donated to the citizens of Broome County by George F. Johnson , president of Endicott Johnson Corporation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Other carousels located in the Greater Binghamton Region:</p><br>
<p>C. Fred Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George F. Johnson Recreation Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George W. Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Ross Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>West Endicott Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>C. Fred Johnson Park Carousel is a historic carousel located at Johnson City in Broome County, New York. The carousel and its pavilion were built in 1923. The carousel is housed in a wooden, two story, 18-sided, enclosed pavilion topped by a six sided cupola. The carousel has 72 figures - all horses - each of which is a "jumper." It was constructed by the Allan Herschell Company. It is one of six carousels donated to the citizens of Broome County by George F. Johnson , president of Endicott Johnson Corporation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Other carousels located in the Greater Binghamton Region:</p><br>
<p>George F. Johnson Recreation Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George W. Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Ross Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>West Endicott Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George F. Johnson Recreation Park Carousel is a historic carousel located at Binghamton in Broome County, New York. The carousel and its pavilion were built in 1925. The carousel is housed in a wooden, one story, 16-sided, pavilion topped by a cupola. The carousel has 60 horses standing four abreast, each of which is a "jumper," and two chariots. It was constructed by the Allan Herschell Company and contains its original Wurlitzer Military Band Organ. It is one of six carousels donated to the citizens of Broome County by George F. Johnson , president of Endicott Johnson Corporation.</p><br>
<p>This carousel, the gazebo, and in fact, the entire Recreation Park served as inspiration to Rod Serling&#39;s classic Twilight Zone episode entitled "Walking Distance." Serling is honored with a bronze plaque in the floor of the gazebo as well as with beautiful paintings, depicting memorable scenes from The Twilight Zone, on the carousel. Recreation Park is as close to the Twilight Zone as one might get, without crossing over.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Other carousels located in the Greater Binghamton Region:</p><br>
<p>C. Fred Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George W. Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Ross Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>West Endicott Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Ross Park Carousel is a historic carousel located at Binghamton in Broome County, New York. The carousel is housed in a wooden, one story, 16-sided, pavilion topped by an eight sided cupola. The carousel has 60 horses standing four abreast, each of which is a "jumper," and two chariots. It was constructed by the Allan Herschell Company and contains its original Wurlitzer Military Band Organ. The carousel was purchased about 1920 and is one of six carousels donated to the citizens of Broome County by George F. Johnson , president of Endicott Johnson Corporation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Other carousels located in the Greater Binghamton Region:</p><br>
<p>C. Fred Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George F. Johnson Recreation Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George W. Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>West Endicott Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George W. Johnson Park Carousel is a historic carousel located at Endicott in Broome County, New York. The carousel and its pavilion were built in 1934. The carousel is housed in a wooden, one story, 16-sided, pavilion. The carousel has 36 horses standing three abreast, each of which is a "jumper," and two chariots. It was constructed by the Allan Herschell Company. It is one of six carousels donated to the citizens of Broome County by George F. Johnson , president of Endicott Johnson Corporation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Other carousels located in the Greater Binghamton Region:</p><br>
<p>C. Fred Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George F. Johnson Recreation Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Ross Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>West Endicott Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>West Endicott Park Carousel is a historic carousel located at Endicott in Broome County, New York. The carousel was purchased about 1929. The carousel is housed in a wooden, one story, 16-sided, enclosed pavilion. The carousel has 36 figures: 34 horses, one pig and one dog, each of which is a "jumper," and two chariots. It was constructed by the Allan Herschell Company. It is one of six carousels donated to the citizens of Broome County by George F. Johnson , president of Endicott Johnson Corporation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Other carousels located in the Greater Binghamton Region</h2><br>
<p>C. Fred Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George F. Johnson Recreation Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>George W. Johnson Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>Ross Park Carousel</p><br>
<p>The Marquette and Western Railroad Negaunee Freight Depot is a railroad depot located at 420 Rail Street in Negaunee, Michigan. It is also known as the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Negaunee Freight Depot. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Negaunee depot burned in 1879. This Negaunee depot was built in 1884 by the Marquette and Western Railroad as a freight and passenger depot. After only a year of service, the entire line was bought by a competitor, the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad. The structure was used as the main freight and passenger depot in Negaunee until it was replaced with a newer structure in 1922. In 1912 it was moved a short distance across the railroad tracks to the location it now stands. The structure was used by the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway as offices, warehouse space, and a freight depot until 1965. The station has recently been converted into an artist&#39;s studio.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The depot is a one-story rectangular frame structure. gable and under-eaves trim, along with bracketing and scalloped bottom. The Stick Style depot is largely intact, and reflects Negaunee&#39;s growth in the late 19th century due to the iron mining industry.</p><br>
<p>Maine Central School, also known as J. Ralph Ingalls School, is an historic school building located at Maine in Broome County, New York.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1940 and is a substantial two-story, nearly square building. It has a steel frame structural system, clad in red brick over concrete block and limestone trim.</p><br>
<p>It features a low hipped roof crowned by a multi-stage cupola with a Chippendale-inspired balustrade in the Colonial Revival style. The main block is organized around a center entrance within a monumental two-story, three-bay projecting wooden portico.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in part with funds provided by the PWA—Public Works Administration.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Worcester Range is a mountain range in Antarctica standing between the Skelton and Mulock Glaciers on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf. Probably named after the training ship in the Thames, in which many officers of early British Antarctic expeditions trained. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition , 1901-04. The name seems to have been first applied on the charts of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-09.</p><br>
<p>The range is part of the Prince Albert-McMurdo Range, which also includes the Prince Albert Mountains, in the Victoria Land region of New Zealand&#39;s Ross Dependency claim. These ranges are part of the larger Transantarctic Mountains, which span the continent.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range is Mount Harmsworth, a prominent ice-covered peak, 2,765 m, at the NW side of the head of Delta Glacier. Discovered by the BrNAE and named for Sir Alfred Harmsworth, later Viscount Northcliffe, a generous contributor to the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Other notable peaks include Mount Marks (~2600m), named after Rodney Marks, and Portal Mountain (2555m).</p><br>
<p>The Kingston Stockade District is an eight-block area in the western section of Kingston, New York, United States, commonly referred to as Uptown Kingston. It is the original site of the mid-17th century Dutch settlement of Wiltwyck, which was later renamed Kingston when it passed to English control.</p><br>
<p>It is the only one of three original Dutch settlements in New York surrounded by stockades where the outline of the stockade is still evident due to the raised ground. Within the area are many historic buildings from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, including the original Ulster County courthouse, the Senate House where the state of New York was established in 1777, and the Old Dutch Church designed by Minard Lafever, a National Historic Landmark. Some survived the burning of Kingston by British forces during the Revolutionary War. The intersection of Crown and John streets has Colonial-era Dutch stone houses on all four corners, the only intersection in the country where this is so.</p><br>
<p>In 1970 the area in the vicinity of the Senate House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Clinton Avenue Historic District. Five years later, as the historic value of the entire uptown area became apparent, the larger Stockade District was created, subsuming the original one. The formal recognition of its historic importance has led to contentious battles in local government over proposals to redevelop the area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Stockade District is parallelogram-shaped, with its boundaries defined as the rear property lines of lots on the far side of North Front Street on the north, Green Street on the west, Main Street on the south and Clinton Avenue on the east. Crown Street is entirely within the district, as are the intersecting segments of Fair, John and Wall streets. It also extends slightly along Frog Alley to take in the Lowe-Bogardus ruin and an interpretive exhibit with some of the original stockade at Frog Alley on the northwest corner. The total area is 32 acre.</p><br>
<p>The district is split between residential and commercial use. The former dominates the western half of the district, while the commercial properties are on the east. The densely developed block of Wall Street between John and North Front streets has flat wooden roofs over its sidewalks, a distinctive touch not common in New York. The block of Wall to the south is dominated by the old county courthouse and the Old Dutch Church, whose cemetery and yard is the only significant green space in the district. There are also many parking lots between buildings in this area.</p><br>
<p>To the north and east the neighborhoods are primarily commercial. The city&#39;s football stadium is a short distance to the west, where the neighborhood is residential, as it also is on the south.</p><br>
<p>It is a short distance from the two major approaches to the city of Kingston from the west and the New York State Thruway. Washington Avenue is a block to the west. Both Interstate 587 and NY 28 end at Albany Avenue (NY 32) a short distance to the east. No major roads or streets go through the Stockade District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From its founding in the mid-17th century to the creation of the modern city of Kingston in 1872, the history of the Stockade District is the history of Kingston. Most of its older buildings were restored and rebuilt in the years after the 1777 burning of the village by the British, and its historic character has been made diverse as significant buildings were erected throughout the 19th century. Late 20th century preservation efforts have led to some confrontations between the city and its residents in recent years.</p><br>
<h3>1652–1783: Colonial and Revolutionary eras</h3><br>
<p>Kingston began as the Dutch village of Wiltwijck, founded by Thomas Chambers of Fort Orange (later Albany) in 1652. The site, on a high plain near the drainage of Rondout Creek, was chosen for the ease with which it could be defended. Other colonists came to the area despite regular Indian raids.</p><br>
<p>Six years later, by 1658, Dutch colonial governor Peter Stuyvesant ordered all settlers to move to the village, behind the stockade whose construction he personally supervised. It was burned in 1663 and rebuilt, remaining until the early 18th century. By then it had established the street pattern along its boundaries which persists today. At its northwest corner, where the log palisade formed a bastion on a bluff that remains today, it was especially defensible.</p><br>
<p>In 1777, it was chosen to host the constitutional convention that established New York State. George Clinton was chosen the first governor, and John Jay, later the first Chief Justice of the United States, opened the first term of the New York Supreme Court in Kingston.</p><br>
<p>Later that year, the British under General John Vaughan took the lightly defended settlement by surprise and burned it. A total of 326 buildings inside and outside of the stockade were destroyed, with only a handful, such as the Tobias Van Steenburgh House, remaining untouched. The city was rebuilt along the lines previous established by the stockade. Five years later, George Washington visited Kingston. On a tour of the citys boundaries, he expressed appreciation for Stuyvesants foresight in having the stockade built. In 1783, as the war was ending, New York proposed Kingston as a national capital.</p><br>
<h3>1784–1908: Buildup and early preservation</h3><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, the area continued to grow. New commercial buildings were erected in the styles such as Federal architecture Greek Revival popular in the centurys early decades. A new county courthouse, the current building, was built in 1818 on the site of the first one. The First Protestant Reformed Dutch Church of Kingston, the citys oldest congregation, dating to 1659, went through two buildings before the construction of its current home, the 1852 Minard Lafever edifice known as the Old Dutch Church. Its white tower rises over 200 feet above the district and is a city landmark.</p><br>
<p>Later in the century the villages of Kingston and Rondout merged into the current city. Rondout had grown from being at the northern end of the Delaware and Hudson Canal since 1825 and its commercial center on the banks of Rondout Creek near where it flows into the Hudson River became known as "downtown" to distinguish itself from the Stockade District, which accordingly became "uptown".</p><br>
<p>Historic preservation efforts in the Stockade began early in the 20th century. The Henry Sleight House on Crown Street had been used for many purposes since it was built around 1695, but by 1900 it was decrepit and in danger of demolition. The local Daughters of the American Revolution chapter paid for a complete restoration of the interior and exterior. Today it is their headquarters. A few years later, in 1908, George Clinton, long buried in Washington, was brought back to Kingston and reburied in the yard of the Old Dutch Church with full honors.</p><br>
<h3>20th century: Organized preservation</h3><br>
<p>Decades later, in 1965, Friends of the Senate House was founded to work to protect and preserve that building. It soon expanded its mission to all the citys historic architecture and became Friends of Historic Kingston (FOHK). In 1969 it got the original Clinton Avenue Historic District, consisting of the block between Clinton, North Fair, and John streets and Westbrook Lane, locally recognized as a historic district, the citys first listing on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Four years later it was expanded into the Stockade District. FOHK has worked to get other properties in the Stockade recognized as well, and renovated some others. It also maintains the Frog Alley area at the district&#39;s northwest corner.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s, the roofs were added to the sidewalks on North Front and Wall streets, part of the "Pike Plan" (named after Woodstock artist John Pike, who designed and built them) to revitalize the area, which had begun to lose shoppers to malls outside of the city. Businesses on those streets pay a maintenance fee for them. Some have called for their removal.</p><br>
<h3>21st century: Preservation and redevelopment</h3><br>
<p>In the early 21st century, the county sponsored an archaeological dig at the site of the Persen House, one of the four at the Crown-John intersection, as part of efforts to restore it and make it a museum. It yielded a number of artifacts, including some misshapen apparent cannonballs. Eight years later, in 2008, after having spent $2 million on the project the county was still unsure what to do with the building. It was hoping to use federal stimulus money to finish the work.</p><br>
<p>During the 2000s, preservationists and the city clashed over some projects slated for areas near or on the fringes of the district. A New Jersey developers proposal for a 12-story condominium on the site of a closed parking garage the city planned to demolish on North Front Street drew objections for its height, as it would become the citys tallest building, dwarfing nearby historic buildings, and requiring a variance as Kingstons zoning code prohibits any new buildings in the Stockade District from being taller than the base of the Old Dutch Churchs steeple, 62 ft above street level. The city&#39;s attorney later decided that it would not need one since the parts of the proposed building that exceeded the height limit were outside the district boundary.</p><br>
<p>The states Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation warned the city that such a towering building would have a negative impact on the Stockade District, and the states Historic Preservation League put the Stockade on its "Seven to Save" list for 2007 because of the proposal. The citys mayor and proponents among the Stockade business community felt that the economic benefit the condo proposal would bring to the Stockade outweighed any effect it would have on the districts historic character. Eventually the developer began to reconsider the project due to the opposition,</p><br>
<p>With the project stalled, the city decided to survey residents about what should be built at the site. The results indicated strong opposition to affordable housing or any kind of rental units being built on the site. The parking garage was finally demolished amid allegations of bid rigging. A temporary parking lot has opened on the site.</p><br>
<p>At the time the condominium project was failing, in 2008, CVS Pharmacy proposed a 12,900 ft&sup2; store on Washington Avenue and Schwenk Drive. FOHK and preservationists collected 600 signatures on petitions opposing the development, saying a third chain drugstore in the uptown area would only drive an independent local drugstore on North Front Street out of business and make the citys main western gateway into a commercial strip indistinguishable from others in the country. One city alderman tried to stop the project with a building moratorium along Washington, which received the support of the Stockades business association. It was eventually passed, excluding the CVS proposal. The city&#39;s Planning Board eventually approved the project, and construction crews began clearing the site in September 2009.</p><br>
<p>The city and preservationists were able to work together on one project, the restoration of the 1899 Kirkland Hotel at Clinton Avenue and Main Street in the southeast corner of the district. A rare example of a wood-frame urban hotel, it had been vacant since the 1970s. Several owners since then had tried to at least reopen a restaurant in the hotel&#39;s basement, but had made no progress beyond repainting the exterior.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 the Rural Ulster Preservation Company (RUPCO), a local nonprofit organization devoted to housing, bought the hotel with the intention of completing the restoration. It spent $4.7 million over several years to restore the original porch and put in a geothermal heating system. The project won a 2007 Excellence in Preservation Award from the Historic Preservation League, and RUPCO has leased out space for commercial and residential use. It is hoping that someone will be able to reopen the restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The streets and sidewalks were also in need of repair. In 2008 Rep. Maurice Hinchey helped the city secure $1.3 million in federal grants to rehabilitate uptown and the Stockade District. $1.7 million had been set aside to restore the Pike Plan canopies, which were in need of repair. Later that year City council debated whether to restore the traffic light at North Front and Wall or keep the stop signs. They ultimately decided in favor of the traffic light. Just prior to completion of the canopy project, graffiti artists painted red goats on eleven of the new sidewalk planters, raising a furor. The two suspects face up to four years in prison for felony criminal mischief.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>An entire section of Kingston&#39;s zoning code governs new construction in what it refers to as the Stockade Area. In its preamble the city council declares:</p><br>
<p>The citys Landmarks Preservation Commission reviews applications for new construction, including significant alterations to existing structures, in the Stockade District. It may consider, and request modification of, many elements of the proposed construction, including roof shape, walls and paving, in the interest of protecting the Stockades historic character. The height of new buildings is limited to 62 ft, or the base of the Old Dutch Church&#39;s steeple. The commission may also require the use of bluestone in sidewalks where it considers it historically appropriate, and that any newer construction be set back further from the street than neighboring historic buildings and screened from view with trees, possibly evergreens. Five percent of the area of all parking lots must be used for plantings to screen it.</p><br>
<p>Friends of Historic Kingston (FOHK), the group founded in the late 1960s to preserve the Senate House, has been a vocal defender of the Stockade&#39;s historic character. Its 400 members have actively opposed some recent projects that they believed would adversely affect the district, to the point that some critics have referred to the group as Friends of Hysteric Kingston or Enemies of Development. The group has also bought and restored some of the homes in the district, as well as elsewhere in the city. It operates two museums in the city and offers walking tours of the Stockade.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Some of the Stockades buildings have earned a place on the National Register in their own right. One, the Old Dutch Church, was designated Kingstons first National Historic Landmark in 2008. Other contributing properties are not separately listed at present but are important to the district.</p><br>
<h3>National Historic Landmark</h3><br>
<p>Old Dutch Church, 272 Wall Street. Formally known as the First Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of Kingston, founded in 1659, the 225 ft white spire of this Minard Lafever-designed church dominates the uptown skyline. Built in 1852, It is Lafever&#39;s only surviving Renaissance Revival church, and his only stone church. George Clinton is buried in the yard.</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>Kirkland Hotel, 2 Main Street. One of the district&#39;s newest contributing properties, this 1899 Tudorbethan hotel is a rare example of a wood-frame urban hotel. After almost three decades of vacancy, it was recently restored for mixed commercial and residential use by a local nonprofit group.</p><br>
<p>Senate House, 276 Fair Street. A century after this stone house was built in 1676, the state of New York was founded in it. Later that year it was burned by the British Army. It is now a state historic site.</p><br>
<h3>Other contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>Clermont Building, 295–299 Wall Street. This late 19th century commercial building retains the metal cresting on its slate mansard roof, a decorative feature often removed from many buildings of its era. The second floor has high ceilings with two murals of David and Goliath by an unknown artist.</p><br>
<p>Houses at 21 and 25 Main Street. A pair of similar houses, with one dated to 1883, in the Eastlake variant of the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>House at 124 Green Street. Local watchmaker and inventor Charles Paige Carter built this board-and-batten cottage, the only Carpenter Gothic-style house in the district.</p><br>
<p>Kingston Trust Company Building, 27 Main Street. This monumentally scaled Greek Revival commercial building has unusual windows, surrounded by carved wreaths, set into its frieze.</p><br>
<p>Frantz Roggon House, 42 Crown Street. One of the four pre-Revolutionary stone houses at the Crown-John intersection, this was adapted for 19th-century purposes, with a diamond-paned glass door added to an early entranceway.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Church, 242 Wall Street. Built in 1833, this Greek Revival church was home to the Old Dutch Church congregation prior to the construction of its current church. It was later used as an armory during the Civil War, and afterwards became the citys first Roman Catholic church in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Tappen House, 106–122 Green Street. Built ca. 1670, this is widely believed to be the oldest extant house in Kingston. Like the Roggon House, it was modified in the 19th century. It has a distinctive saltbox-style side elevation.</p><br>
<p>Ulster County Courthouse, 285 Wall Street. One of the oldest extant county courthouses in the state, this Federal style stone structure was built in 1818 on the site of an earlier courthouse, parts of which remain in the foundation. The cupola was added in 1837.</p><br>
<p>Railroad Terminal Historic District is a national historic district located at Binghamton in Broome County, New York. The district includes 19 contributing buildings. Four of the buildings were directly related with Binghamton&#39;s rail passenger and freight operations, including the passenger station. Five buildings were built as warehouses and ten were built to house retail activities with residential or office uses on the upper floors. The buildings were built between 1876 and 1910, with a major addition to one of them completed in 1932. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad passenger station, with its Italian Renaissance campanile was built in 1901. Erie Railroad trians also used the station.</p><br>
<h2>Destinations when the station was in use</h2><br>
<p>From this location there were Lackawanna trains such as the Phobe Snow to Buffalo to the west and Hoboken to the east. Lackawanna trains also served Syracuse and Utica to the north and Scranton to the south. Erie trains such as the Lake Cities served Chicago to the west and Jersey City to the east.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra de la Culebra, Serra da Coroa, is a mountain range in Castile and León, northwest Spain, and northeastern Portugal. It lies 7 km south of Puebla de Sanabria in the comarcas of Aliste, Sanabria and La Carballeda , as well as Vinhais and Bragança municipalities in the District of Bragança. Its highest point is 1,243 m high Peña Mira, located near Flechas, within Figueruela de Arriba municipal term; other important peaks are Miño Cuevo 1,211 m and Campanario 1,020 m.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra de la Culebra is a 95 km long regular mountain chain of medium height, forming a natural border with the Portuguese region of Tras os Montes on its western end. Its slopes are wooded, occasionally ravaged by forest fires. The summits of the range are often covered with snow in the winter and there are odd-looking rocky quartzite outcrops on them.</p><br>
<p>Among the rivers in Spain and Portugal having their source in Sierra de la Culebra, the Castro River, Tera, Tuella, Sabor and Maçãs (Manzanas), deserve mention.</p><br>
<p>These mountains are famous as one of the few remaining strongholds of the Iberian wolf.</p><br>
<h2>Subranges</h2><br>
<p>The Sierra de la Culebra is a southeastern prolongation of Sierra Segundera, at the southern fringes of the Macizo Galaico-Leonés. The western prolongations of Serra de Montezinho or Maciço de Montesinho, Sierra de la Gamoneda (Serra da Gamoneda) and Sierra del Marabón (Serra de Marabón) are part of the Sierra de la Culebra mountainous system. Other subranges are Sierra de las Cavernas, Sierra de los Cantadores and Sierra de las Carbas, located on the Spanish side.</p><br>
<p>One important feature is the Rock of the Three Kingdoms dividing three ancient Iberian kingdoms in the Serra de Marabón subrange.</p><br>
<h2>Natural reserves</h2><br>
<p>On the Portuguese side the area of the Sierra de la Culebra range is included in the Montesinho Natural Park.</p><br>
<p>The Reserva de Caza de la Sierra de la Culebra, is a national hunting forest reserve on the Spanish side. Controversially, the wolves are protected in the reserve in order that they may be shot by sportsmen on payment of a fee of several thousand Euros. This process is defended on the grounds that it helps pay for the upkeep of the reserve and thus the protection of the species as a whole. The number of wolves authorised for hunting each year in Spain is strictly controlled, the auction being carried out in Villardeciervos, but many more are shot illegally.</p><br>
<p>In the Sierra de la Culebra reserve, wolves may occasionally be observed when attracted to a bait-station, known locally as a Muladar, where remains of dead horses and donkeys are put out for them.</p><br>
<p>On the Sierra de la Culebra reserve there is a healthy population of the wolves&#39; main prey species - roe deer, red deer and wild boar. The presence of the carcasses put out for the wolves also attracts spectacular raptors such as the griffon vulture.</p><br>
<p>There are also small colonies of Vipera latastei and Coronella austriaca, which perhaps gave the mountains their name.</p><br>
<p>Belgrave Lodge is a house situated at the west end of Belgrave Avenue, the road connecting the B5445 road between Chester and Wrexham, and Eaton Hall, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lodge was built in 1889 to a design by the Chester architects Douglas and Fordham for the 1st Duke of Westminster. The ground floor has since been converted into a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is built in brick with stone bands and dressings on a stone plinth. The hipped roof has red tiles with lead finials. As a whole the house has 1½ storeys and is in two bays. It has three chimneys with red-brick barley-sugar flues and stone plinths and caps. The window openings are mullioned, and contain casement windows. There are two single-storey buildings at the rear, one with a gabled roof, the other with a hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>The Bement-Billings House is a historic house located on NY 38 north of Newark Valley in Tioga County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a -story, clapboard farmhouse on a random ashlar stone foundation, exhibiting characteristic features of the Federal and Greek Revival styles. The house began as a one-room cabin, built about 1796, and evolved during the 19th century into the extensive 15-room, 30 by structure that exists today. The house underwent extensive renovation in 1977. Also on the property is a contributing privy.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 19, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The house is now the centerpiece of the Bement-Billings Farmstead Museum, and is owned and operated by the Newark Valley Historical Society. The museum includes the mid-19th century period house, a reconstructed blacksmith shop, a threshing barn, wood shop, carriage shed and welcome center. Open seasonally on weekends, tours and craft demonstrations are provided by costumed docents.</p><br>
<p>The Monroe Bank building is located at 117 Main Street in Woodsfield, Ohio. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 11, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1903 and was the headquarters for Monroe County Bank. The bank was chartered 1874 by Colonel Samuel L. Mooney, with an initial capital of $50,000. For years it was the only bank in Monroe County. The fine crafted interior gave a glimpse of the bank&#39;s wealth to the its clients.</p><br>
<p>The bank acted as the main office for the O.R.&W. Railway from 1905 until it was purchased and moved out of state in 1917.</p><br>
<p>When Samuel Mooney died in 1916, his son William C. Mooney took over as President of the bank, but he died in 1918, leaving the Presidency open. J.D. Mooney took over as president and remained in that post for the remainder of the bank&#39;s operation. The bank remained one of the prominent business of Monroe County and seemed to weather the first years of the Great Depression well, until 1931, when the bank was forced to close all of its branch locations, leaving just the location in Woodsfield open. However, the financial situation did not improve and was forced to close its doors 1933. The liquidation of the bank was a long and arduous one and lasted for years.</p><br>
<p>The bank housed various offices, including a few of the county officials, and even served as an apartment building. The bank is currently owned by Gary Rubel, who has renovated the bank back to its former glory and has rented out many of the offices inside.</p><br>
<h2>Building Appearance</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed of rusticated stone blocks with the upper floors built with red brick on a primarily square footprint. The four-story building contains three entrances on the ground floor, two on the main facades and the third on a flattened corner. The entrances on the south facade are surrounded by Ionic columns, the entrance on the corner has a panel above the second floor windows reading "1903", with decorative scrollwork stone panels separating the second and third floors. Above the entrance on the south facade rises two large Corinthian columns with balconies and a balustrade panel bearing "1903" on the panel. This piece is part of what was once a complete balustrade running along the roofline.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 construction began on an observation deck giving panoramic views of Woodsfield. The octagonal room is lined with long windows and topped by a roof rising to a weathervane in the shape of a locomotive.</p><br>
<p>The Pierce Pennant Motor Hotel, also known as the Candle Light Lodge, is a historic hotel complex that is located on what once was USA Route 40 and is now Interstate 70 in Columbia, Missouri. The hotel complex was constructed in 1929 and is in the Colonial Revival style. The hotel was also a gas station and garage, and was owned by Pierce Petroleum Company, a subsidiary of Standard Oil. Initially the hotel and garage complex was to be one of several along USA Hwy 40, each to be spaced about 150 miles apart from New York to San Francisco.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the building was used by Stephens College to train women aviators. In 1959, the complex was Candle Light Lodge and converted to senior citizen housing.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Coleman Hardware Company Building is a historic building located at 100 Nettle St. in Morris, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The U-shaped building has three distinct wings surrounding a gravel courtyard. Mr. J. H. Hall constructed the building in 1873, intending to use it as a furniture factory, but his company went bankrupt before he could begin production. The Sherwood School Furniture Company moved into the building soon afterward and made extensive improvements to the structure in 1874. The company added a new foundry building, put an addition on the original building, and built a new smokestack. The Sherwood Company brought economic prosperity to Morris by employing 140 new workers and purchasing resources from other local industries. The building&#39;s location on the Illinois & Michigan Canal helped the company grow, as it used the canal to transport goods and as a water source.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, the company built a new structure to replace a building lost to a fire; this structure is now the building&#39;s south wing. The company changed its name to the Ohio Butt Company in 1880 and then changed it again to the Coleman Hardware Company in 1887, after president Joseph G. Coleman. During this time, the company changed its production from furniture to cast iron fixtures and other hardware. The company was sold in 1935, and the factory was sold along with it; it has since been used by various industrial companies and is now a community center.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 16, 1994.</p><br>
<p>Tigranakert  is a ruined Armenian city dating back to the Hellenistic period. It is one of several former cities in the Armenian plateau with the same name, named in honor of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great , although some scholars, such as Robert Hewsen and Babken Harutyunyan, have posited that this particular Tigranakert may have been founded by Tigranes the Greats father, Tigranes I . It occupies an area of about 50 hectares and is located in the province of Martakert in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic , de jure Aghdara in Azerbaijan, approximately four kilometers south of the Khachenaget River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Primary sources first make mention of Tigranakert in the seventh century, stating that there were actually two such cities with the same name in the Armenian province of Utik. Archaeologists and historians have managed to date the founding of the first one to the 120s-80s B.C., during the reign of either King Tigranes I, or his son and successor King Tigranes the Great. Robert Hewsen has questioned the attribution to Tigranes II, as no coins or inscriptions bearing his have yet to be uncovered and the identification of the remains has rested on the local name for the site. The ruins of the second Tigranakert have yet to be uncovered, although it is believed to have been located in the district of Gardman.</p><br>
<p>After the demise of the first Tigranakert in the early Middle Ages, the name of the city was preserved and used continuously in local geographic lore as Tngrnakert, Tarnakert, Taraniurt, Tarnagiurt, and Tetrakerte.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Excavations at Tigranakert began in March 2005, when it was first discovered, and are currently ongoing under the directorship of Dr. Hamlet L. Petrosyan of the Armenian Academy of Sciences&#39; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. Archaeologists have uncovered two of the main walls of the city, as well as Hellenistic-style towers and an Armenian basilica dating to fifth to seventh centuries. In 2008, the excavation team began to face funding issues, although the authorities of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic have promised to allocate 30 million drams to continue further research.</p><br>
<p>In June 2010, a museum dedicated to the study and preservation of artifacts unearthed from Tigranakert&#39;s ruins was opened in the adjacent Shahbulag Castle, near the former city of Aghdam.</p><br>
<p>St Oswald&#39;s Vicarage is on Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The vicarage and attached parish room were built to serve the parish of St Oswald and the church of St Thomas of Canterbury in 1880 to a design by John Douglas. The building now houses the English Department of Chester University. This vicarage replaced the former parish vicarages in Parsons Street (now Princess Street) and Leen Lane.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed in red-brown brick with Westmorland green slate roofs. Its main front faces northeast. The left wing has two storeys; it protrudes forward with an apsidal end. Its lower storey contains a porch, with steps leading up to an arched door. To the right of this is a two-storeyed section with mullioned and transomed arched windows in the lower storey, and mullioned windows in the upper storey. Between these is a row of rectangular plaster panels. To the right of this is a two-storeyed projection, the upper storey being set back from the lower storey. A stair turret to the right of this has a pyramidal roof with a weather vane. The right bay has two storeys plus an attic gable. On the ground floor is a five-light mullioned and transomed window and above this is a five-light mullioned window. In the gable is a three-light window surrounded by lozenge panels and brick diapering. The parish room on the extreme right has three bays divided by buttresses and contains arched windows.</p><br>
<p>Ryssby Church is located outside of Longmont in Boulder County, Colorado. The church was built in 1882 by Swedish immigrants, although it was disused between 1914 and 1924. A dedicated committee from First Lutheran Church, the descendant congregation of the Ryssby and Elim churches, maintains the church, organizes events and funds continuous improvement projects. The church hosts weddings, church picnics, an annual Midsummer service and Christmas candlelight services in early December.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1862, Sven J. Johnson, an agent for the White Star Line, along with Bengt Johnson, Aaron Peterson, Sven Magni, Peter Johnson, Lars J. Johnson and Samuel Gummeson, set off from their homeland in Ryssby, Sweden, to come to America seeking free land under the Homestead Act. In the first years, Sven&#39;s home, the only framed hous, was the community center and served as a church. In 1875, a school house was built and the services moved there.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, Rev. Frederick Lagerman came to the Ryssby settlement to be the spiritual leader, and in 1878 he organized a congregation among the settlers, calling it the "Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of Ryssby, Boulder County Colorado." The new congregation was affiliated with the Augustana Synod. In February 1878, the congregation officially called Rev. Lagerman to be their pastor and in January 1881, the congregation accepted the offer from Hugo Anderson for 3 acre of land on which to build the church. August Olander donated sandstone from his homestead to be used as building materials and by Oct. 31 of that year, the cornerstone of Ryssby church was laid.</p><br>
<p>The church was finished and ready for occupancy on Midsummer Day of 1882 and a dedication ceremony for both the church and adjoining cemetery were held. The settlers strove to fashion the new Ryssby church from the church they had left in Ryssby Sweden with a tall tower in the front and four pointed windows along each side. The church was heated by a large stove, which heats the church to this day. A white railing circled the front altar under the domed barrel roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, the Elim congregation of nearby Longmont invited the Ryssby congregation to merge with them but this did not officially happen until 1914. The Ryssby congregation ceased to exist and the little country church was left empty. A lightning storm damaged the tower and it appeared that the Ryssby church would be left to crumble. In 1924, Rev. Luther Stromquist of the Elim congregation organized a group to repair the church and to again hold an annual Midsummer service there. With their efforts, Ryssby was made a state historical site in June 1933 with an official marker laid. In 1938, the annual Christmas services were reinstated at the church which continue to this day with great popularity. In the 1960s a group of descendants funded a full restoration project where the tower was replaced, renovation and painting of the interior and new landscaping in the cemetery were carried out.</p><br>
<h3>Today</h3><br>
<p>The Ryssby Church continues to be a part of the spiritual life of the area. Many weddings are held at the picturesque spot and families continue to bury their loved ones in its consecrated ground. There is an annual church picnic and service on Midsummer Day in June as well as the Christmas services held on the second weekend of December. The church is decorated by youth from First Lutheran Church and is lit by hundreds of flickering candles. Choirs from First Lutheran Church provide festive music and the birth story from the Gospel of Luke is read in Swedish. Improvements continue to be made at the church. Rusty Brockmann of Iron Age Arts, built a new footbridge with steel railings and gate that connect the parking lot and church grounds over the Swede ditch. The Lutheran Seal is worked into the gate. A new fence near the road was also created by Iron Age Arts with detailed historical designs outlined on four panels.</p><br>
<p>The Government Cable Office at 218 Sixth Street in Seward, Alaska, United States, is a historic building that served as a telegraph office that connected Seward with communications in the rest of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The cable office was constructed in 1905 by the USA Army Signal Corps as part of the Washington–Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System (WAMCATS). Telegraph service from the lower states first connected to Valdez, Alaska. In summer 1905, submarine cable was extended from Valdez to Seward.</p><br>
<p>The first message over the line was to A. C. Frost, president of the Alaska Central Railway, who was in Chicago: "This first message transmitted over Alaska Cable connects Seward from this day to the great city of Chicago." Among initial regular users of the telegraph line was the local newspaper, the Seward Daily Gateway. In August 1905, owner Frank Ballaine began featuring the previous day&#39;s news from the Coterminous United States in his paper. Before the telegraph line, outside news arrived via steam ship days or weeks later.</p><br>
<p>The office was operated by Army personnel. The front room of the building was open to the public who could send and receive messages. The central part of the ground floor served as the operator&#39;s station, while workers lived on the second floor. Service continued until an earthquake severed the line in 1934. By that time, radio communication had been established by the Navy and the telegraph line was not replaced. The government retained ownership until 1961. Since then, the building has served as a private residence and rented apartments.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Siyal Islands are a group of islands off the coast of northeastern Africa, located in the Red Sea. The islands are located in the Halayeb Triangle, which is claimed by both Sudan and Egypt, as part of an ongoing border dispute. Since the 1990s, the islands have been occupied by Egypt, and so the islands are de facto administered by Egypt. They remain, however, to be claimed by Sudan.</p><br>
<p>The islands are part of the Elba Protected Area of Egypt, and are home to the white-eyed gull, with an estimated seventy individuals at the maximum, as well as several ospreys. The islands are surrounded by rocks and coral, and have a sandy surface with scant marine vegetation. The local fishermen, descendants of the Huteimi peoples identified by J. R. Wellsted, harvest turtle and bird eggs from the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>SM U-30&#39; was one of 329 U-boat submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. She engaged in commerce warfare as part of the First Battle of the Atlantic. U-30 is significant for the torpedoing of the US tanker Gulflight on 1 May 1915 20 nmi west of Scilly.</p><br>
<h2>Torpedoing of Gulflight</h2><br>
<p>The particular mission when Gulflight was attacked commenced 24 April 1915. On 28 April U-30 intercepted the collier Mobile which she sank by gunfire after allowing the crew to escape. On 29 April she similarly sank the 3,200 GRT Cherbourg. 30 April she ordered the steamer Fulgent to halt, but when the ship failed to do so fired a shot into the ship&#39;s bridge, which killed the captain and quartermaster. The ship stopped and the rest of the crew were allowed to escape before the ship was sunk by explosive charges placed inside. That afternoon, the 3,100 GRT Svorno was stopped and sunk. On 1 May the grain carrier Edale and French ship Europe were sunk. A Dutch ship was stopped and, as a neutral, permitted to continue at a point some 45 nmi north west of the Scilly Isles, but the submarine was spotted at this point by a steam drifter, Clara Alice which reported her position to a naval patrol.</p><br>
<p>The patrol ships and started to hunt for the submarine, but succeeded only in intercepting the US-flagged Gulflight, which they took under escort. The escort proved something of a disadvantage to Gulflight because she was obliged to slow down for the patrol and then, under international law, as a ship escorted by armed vessels became a legitimate target for attack. U-30 spotted the convoy and fired one torpedo at Gulflight, before noticing that she was flying an American flag. The submarine then broke off the attack in accordance with her instructions not to attack neutral vessels.</p><br>
<p>Gulflight survived the attack, although two members of the crew drowned while evacuating the ship and the master Captain Gunter died later that night from a heart attack. The ship was towed to Crow Bay and later repaired. News of the event would be overshadowed a few days later by the sinking of but the incident, together with the attack on Lusitania and another ship, Cushing, formed the basis of a formal complaint from the US government to Germany. Although the United States remained officially neutral in the ongoing hostilities, it reached agreement with the German government that further attacks by submarine would be strictly in accordance with "cruiser Rules" as defined by international law.</p><br>
<h2>Summary of raiding history</h2><br>
<p>The Upper Peninsula Brewing Company Building is an office building located at the intersection of Meeske Street and US 41 in Marquette, Michigan. It is also known as the Charles Meeske House. The structure served as the home and office of brewer Charles Meeske, secretary-treasurer and later president of the company. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Structure Description</h2><br>
<p>The single structure remaining from the 1894 complex is Meeske&#39;s home and office. It is a vernacular, two-story rectangular Romanesque Revival structure built of variegated, rough-cut sandstone. The structure has a stone chimney and crenelated parapets. The front entrance is recessed under an arched portico. The flat roof is encircled by a dentiled cornice with the initials "U.P.B.Co." carved in stone. The building originally had a tunnel leading to the brewery, allowing Meeske to ignore a law prohibiting a person from entering a brewery after sundown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>German brewer George Rublein immigrated to the United States in the mid-19th century, arriving in Marquette in 1849, not long after the city itself was founded. Rublein founded the Franklin Brewery just outside Marquette. The brewery burned down twice, and in 1875 Rublein moved his operation to what is now the corner of Meeske Street and US 41 near a natural spring, changing the name to "Concordia Brewery" in the process. Rublein built a series of frame buildings on the site which including ponds, outdoor seating and an area for live entertainment, replicating a German Biergarten.</p><br>
<p>However, Rublein soon got out of the beer business, and in 1879 sold the brewery to Peter White. White, in turn, leased the operation to a pair of brewers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Charles Meeske and Reiner Hoch. Under their leadership, the brewery prospered. Within two years, the partners found that their manufacturing couldn&#39;t meet demand, so in 1881 they built a second brewery in Negaunee, with Hoch taking personal charge of the Negaunee plant and Meeske remaining at the Marquette brewery. The next year, they had made enough money to buy the operation from White. With their purchase, Meeske and Hoch formed a company with Hoch as president, Meeske as secretary-treasurer, and two other men filling out the board of directors.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, Meeske replaced the earlier frame structures at the Marquette plant with a complex of sandstone buildings, constructed to resemble small castles. The 42 acre complex included warehouses, residences, a tower, and a bottling plant. Meeske retained the German Biergarten landscaping the Rublein had initiated. The structure at the corner of Meeske and US41 was built in 1894, and served as Meeske&#39;s home and office, as well as the entrance to the brewery grounds.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, the brewery had a production capacity of between 20,000 and 25,000 barrels per year, sold under the name of Drei Kaiser (Three Kings) beer. With the onset of World War I in 1913, the name was changed to "Castle Brew."</p><br>
<p>Local prohibition groups pressured Marquette County to enact dry ordinances in 1916, four years before the beginning of country-wide Prohibition. When these ordinances were passed, the Upper Peninsula Brewing Company ended its beer production and went out of business, and Meeske moved to Duluth, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>After the Upper Peninsula Brewing Company folded, the stone buildings in the complex were used as warehouses for a trucking firm. However, most of the buildings were eventually abandoned and fell into disrepair. Meeskes office building was more heavily utilized, serving as a rock shop, a law firm, and an antique shop. In 1974 and 1975 most of the buildings were demolished, saving only the office building and a horse barn along Meeske Street that is now part of Jilberts Dairy. Offices for Detroit and Northern Savings Bank were built on the site. In 1980, Meeske’s office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 1982 the structure was purchased by Humboldt Ridge and restored. The building is currently home to the Marquette office of the law firm Numinen, DeForge & Mathieu, P.C.</p><br>
<h2>Charles Meeske</h2><br>
<p>Charles Meeske was born in 1850 in Swinemünde in Prussia, and studied brewing under his father&#39;s tutelage. In 1871, When prohibition ordinances were enacted in Marquette County in 1916, Meeske moved to Duluth, Minnesota to join Reiner Hoch at his Duluth Brewing and Malting Company.</p><br>
<h2>Reiner Hoch</h2><br>
<p>Reiner Hoch was born near Cologne, Germany in 1851; his family emigrated to Waukesha County, Wisconsin, the next year. Hoch grew up on the family farm, and when he was eighteen attended business college in Milwaukee. The company remained in business through Prohibition and the Depression, and was eventually led by Charles Meeske&#39;s son Carl.</p><br>
<p>Kronsberg is a hill about six kilometres in length and dominates the surrounding areas up to 30 meters, just outside Hanover. The highest point on the Kronsberg is the scenic hill with 118 meters . The only taller hill in the city is the "Monte Müllo" landfill site, standing at 122 m. It mainly consists of marl.</p><br>
<h2>Expo-settlement Kronsberg</h2><br>
<p>The Expo-settlement Kronsberg is a district of Kirchrode-Bemerode-Wülferode in Hanover and has approximately 7,300 residents (2013). The district emerged in the late 1990s in connection with the EXPO 2000 event. People live in 2,600 apartments, 150 condominiums and about 400 private townhouses, as well as semi-detached and detached houses. There are two neighbourhood parks and meeting places for all age groups. The front gardens and the courtyards of the individual building blocks are varied and diversified in order to achieve above-average housing quality. There is an extensive infrastructure facilities with schools, kindergartens, shops, the community center Krokus and the Evangelical Church Centre Kronsberg available. The project is showcased in the Crystal exhibition pavilion in London as a global standard for integrated construction. The World Cities Summit 2012 in Singapore also paid tribute to the residential area as one of the world&#39;s hundred most innovative infrastructure projects.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Klaus Mlynek: Kronsberg, in: Stadtlexikon Hannover, S. 372</p><br>
<p>Hermann Löns: Hinter dem Kronsberg, 1904</p><br>
<p>Hermann Löns: Auf dem Kronsberge, 1904</p><br>
<h2>Links</h2><br>
<p>Nutty Putty Cave is a hydrothermal cave located west of Utah Lake in Utah County, Utah, United States.</p><br>
<p>The cave, first explored in 1960 by Dale Green, is currently owned by the Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration, and managed by the Utah Timpanogos Grotto.</p><br>
<p>In the recent past this cave has had four rescues of cavers and Boy Scouts, who became stuck inside the cave&#39;s tight twists, turns, and crawls.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, an effort was put forth to study and severely limit the number of visitors allowed inside the cave. It was estimated the cave was receiving over 5,000 visitors per year, with many visitors often entering the cave late at night and failing to take proper safety precautions. The cave’s popularity had caused excessive smoothing of the rock inside the cave to the point it was predicted a fatality would occur in one of the caves more prominent features, a 45-degree room called "The Big Slide". On May 24, 2006, a gate was installed, and the cave was temporarily closed. In early 2009, proper management was established and an application process was developed to ensure safety precautions were being met. On May 18, 2009 the cave was reopened to the public.</p><br>
<p>On November 24, 2009, John Edward Jones died after becoming trapped in the cave for 28 hours. Rescuers concluded that it would be too dangerous to attempt to retrieve his body; the landowner and Jones&#39; family came to an agreement that the cave should be permanently closed with the body sealed inside. A film about the tragedy called The Last Descent was released on September 16, 2016.</p><br>
<p>Fish Lake is a reservoir located 4,639 ft above sea level in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It is 35 mi northeast of Medford.</p><br>
<p>Originally a natural lake, it was enlarged by the 50 ft tall Fish Lake Dam, which impounds the north fork of Little Butte Creek, in the Rogue River watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Fish Lake is located between two volcanoes: Mount McLoughlin to the north and Brown Mountain to the south. Two-thousand-year-old andesite lava flows erupted from Brown Mountain surround Fish Lake&#39;s southern shore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fish Lake was originally a small natural lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, the Fish Lake Water Company was established to help irrigate the Rogue Valley. The company proposed to enlarge Fish Lake and nearby Fourmile Lake for added water storage. The temporary Fish Lake Dam was constructed between 1902 and 1908. In 1906, Fourmile Lake Dam was constructed. The two lakes were connected in 1915 by the Cascade Canal, bringing water from Fourmile Lake in the Klamath River watershed over the Cascade Divide to Fish Lake, to supplement Little Butte Creek. The temporary dam was replaced by a permanent earthfill dam.</p><br>
<p>The dam was modified again in 1922.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, a new spillway was constructed. An auxiliary spillway was added in 1996. The lake is now about three times its original size.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>Fish Lake has an average surface area of 483 acre, an average volume of 7,836 acre.ft,</p><br>
<p>and a 20 square miles drainage basin.</p><br>
<p>It has an average depth of 18 ft, and a maximum depth of 31 ft. Fish Lake Dam stands 50 ft tall and 960 ft long.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Rainbow trout and brook trout are common in the lake. Osprey and eagles have been spotted in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Crest Trail passes by Fish Lake&#39;s eastern shore.</p><br>
<p>Three campgrounds are located around the lake.</p><br>
<p>Popular activities include fishing, swimming, and boating.</p><br>
<p>Mount Earnslaw, also known by its Māori name of Pikirakatahi, is a 2,819 m mountain on New Zealand&#39;s South Island. It is named after Earnslaw  village in the parish of</p><br>
<p>Eccles, Berwickshire, hometown of the surveyor John Turnbull Thomson&#39;s father.http://digital.otago.ac.nz/results?lcreator=Thomson,%20John%20Turnbull&PHPSESSID=068</p><br>
<p>e70c223902799...</p><br>
<p>Mount Earnslaw is within Mount Aspiring National Park at the southern end of the Forbes Range of New Zealand&#39;s Southern Alps. It is located 25 kilometres north of the settlement of Glenorchy, which lies at the northern end of Lake Wakatipu.</p><br>
<p>Mount Earnslaw and various other sites in its vicinity feature in the live-action film version of The Lord of the Rings.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>Reverend W.S. Green had come to New Zealand to try to climb Mount Cook. In March 1882, with guides Emil Boss and Ulrich Kaufmann, he attempted Earnslaw, but transport and weather problems forced them to turn back after climbing 5,000 feet (1,500 metres).</p><br>
<p>After several attempts over a period of years, Glenorchy guide Harry Birley climbed the eastern peak of Earnslaw in 1890. He left a bent shilling in an Irish Moss bottle within a stone cairn, to prove he had reached the top.</p><br>
<p>The 10 m lower, but much more challenging West Peak, 2.5 km to the west-south-west and separated by a 200 m deep pass, was climbed in 1914 by H.F. Wright and J. Robertson.</p><br>
<p>The Savings Bank Building is a commercial building located at 101 South Front Street in Marquette, Michigan. It is also known as the Marquette County Savings Bank. The building was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1976 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Marquette County Savings Bank is a steel-frame, flat-roofed, rectangular building with a five-story front facade and seven-story rear. The structure is faced with ashlar on the lower two levels and red brick on the upper five. The front facade has a central recessed bay, with a one-story entrance flanked with granite columns at the bottom an gable at the top. Above the entrance are stone panels decorated with a foliage design. Surrounding the central bay are two semi-circular bays at each corner; the streetcorner bay is topped by a clock tower with copper roof.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the elevator, stairs, and lavatories are located on the south side of the building to deaden the sound of ore cars that once rumpled through town. The basement and subbasement held the janitor and boiler room, a barbershop, and safety deposit boxes. On the upper floors, offices were accessed via a central hallway. The interior construction was of iron, steel, and tiling to resist fire; the only combustible building materials used were oak flooring and window and door casings.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The Marquette County Savings Bank was founded in 1890 by Nathan M. Kaufman, along with other prominent Marquette businessmen. The bank grew rapidly, and within four months directors made plans to move from their temporary headquarters and construct a new bank building. The lot at the corner of Front and Washington was purchased in January 1891. The new building was designed by the architectural firm of Barber and Barber and built in 1892 by Noble and Benson for a cost of $174,000.</p><br>
<p>The structure reflects the importance of late 19th century Marquette as an iron shipping port. Although there were originally balconies, the building is substantially intact, and is currently used as office space.</p><br>
<p>Foster&#39;s Tavern is an upcountry 19th century historic landmark building in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, located at 191 Cedar Springs Road at the intersection of the old Pickneyville and Georgia roads . In private ownership as of May 2010, the building is considered the oldest brick house in Spartanburg South Carolina and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Foster&#39;s Tavern was built by Anthony Foster, with construction beginning in 1801 and taking seven years or more to complete. The house is made of locally made bricks and features tied chimneys (separate chimneys joined by a wall or facade) at each end of a gable roof, hand carved woodwork including bowed mantels and stair scrollwork, blown-glass windowpanes, soapstone hearths, cattle-hair plaster and original shutter pintles. The portico with its fanlight was added in 1845 and the porches about 1915.</p><br>
<p>Foster&#39;s Tavern housed John C. Calhoun and Bishop Asbury on their travels through the area, with the southeast corner room on the second floor traditionally called the John C. Calhoun Room. Guest always moved when Calhoun came to stay.</p><br>
<p>Fourmile Lake  is a reservoir located 5,748 ft above sea level in Klamath County, Oregon, United States. It is 45 mi northeast of Medford.</p><br>
<p>The lake was created when the 25 ft tall Fourmile Lake Dam was constructed, impounding Fourmile Creek, in the Klamath River watershed. It is located just to the east of Mount McLoughlin, which stands 9,495 ft above sea level. The lake is bordered by Sky Lakes Wilderness, and is in the Winema National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1898, the Fish Lake Water Company was established to help irrigate the Rogue Valley. The company proposed create Fourmile Lake and enlarge nearby Fish Lake for added water storage. The Fourmile Lake Dam was constructed in 1906, while Fish Lake was completed in 1908. The two lakes were connected in 1915 by the Cascade Canal, taking water from Fourmile Lake over the Cascade Divide to Fish Lake, supplementing Little Butte Creek.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, the dam was repaired, and a new spillway was added.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>Fish Lake has an average surface area of 740 acre,</p><br>
<p>an average volume of 15,600 acre.ft, and a 105 square miles drainage basin.</p><br>
<p>It has a maximum depth of 170 ft. Fish Lake Dam stands 25 ft tall and 660 ft long.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Rainbow Trout, Kokanee, Brook Trout, and Lake trout are common in the lake. The Bushy-tailed Woodrat and Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, species of least concern, can be found around the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Crest Trail passes by about 2 mi from Fourmile Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is included in the Winema National Forest.</p><br>
<p>The Sky Lakes Wilderness borders the lake, and a trail leads into it. One campground is located near the lake.</p><br>
<p>Popular activities include fishing, swimming, and boating.</p><br>
<p>Hadlock Pond, also known as Lake Hadlock or Sunderland Pond, is a small man-made reservoir in Washington County, New York, United States.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1896, the original dam was of earthen construction, or rock fill. It had a height of 29 ft, with a width of 850 ft. The dam was reconstructed in 2005, only to collapse months later, flooding and damaging nearby property.</p><br>
<p>The pond is owned by the town of Fort Ann, and is primarily used for recreational purposes. The pond has a surface area of 220 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Fish species in the lake include northern pike, white sucker, brown bullhead, rock bass, pumpkinseed sunfish, bluegill, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, carp, and yellow perch. There is carry down access at the public beach off Hadlock Pond Road on the south shore with parking. There is a parking fee during the summer.</p><br>
<p>Waits Methodist Episcopal Church and Cemetery is a historic Methodist Episcopal church and cemetery located at what was once known as Waits, in the town of Owego in Tioga County, New York. It is a Greek Revival–style structure built in 1853 of white pine from Windham, Pennsylvania. It is a -story building, three bays wide and four bays deep, measuring approximately 30 feet by 40 feet. The interior was remodeled in 1866 and it retains all of its fabric from that time. Also on the property is a small settlement period cemetery.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1819, Henry Wait, Sr. purchased 900 acres of land in the southern tier of New York state and south of the Susquehanna River in Tioga County, New York. This farm, and the area surrounding it became known as Wait Settlement, ".which name continued until a post office was established, and the name was changed to Waits. The establishment of a church there had its beginning in about 1837, when the Wait Settlement class was organized. The class held services at the school house until the building of a church in 1853. The class continued to meet until 1852, when a society was formed at the school house on June 9 in that year. The society was incorporated as "The Trustees of the Wait Settlement of the Methodist Episcopal Church." The trustees elected were John Wait (son of Henry, Sr), Nathaniel Goodspeed, W. White, Simmons W. Harden, S. B. Harden, and Henry Wait, Jr.</p><br>
<p>"The deed for the acre of land was not executed until Dec. 5, 1866. The society was incorporated for the second time on June 5, 1865, the same title having been retained. John Wait, James A. Nichols, Henry Dunham, James Olmstead, and Orin D. Nichols were elected as trustees.</p><br>
<p>"The most extensive alterations on the church were made in 1886, which cost $820. The church was reopened on December 15, the Rev. Wilson Treible delivering the dedicatory sermon and the Rev. Mr. H. M. Cryndenwise conducting the dedicatory services."</p><br>
<p>First Congregational Church is an evangelical, historic Congregational church located at Berkshire in Tioga County, New York. The first "Berkshire" Congregational Church was founded in 1803, and continues now in Newark Valley. The whole area now comprising Richford, Berkshire and Newark Valley had comprised only one town, Berkshire, originally. The present-day Berkshire Congregational Church was established in 1833, as a natural outgrowth of the one in Newark Valley.</p><br>
<p>The church is affiliated with the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC), the Greater Hudson Valley Fellowship of the CCCC, and is "in fellowship with all churches which acknowledge Jesus as Christ to be their divine Redeemer and Lord". The church&#39;s stated purpose is "to fulfill the Great Commission of Christ (Matthew 28.18-20) locally and globally, drawing non-Christians and the unchurched to personal faith in Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord, to encourage and edify Christians to become obedient followers of Christ and well-equipped ministers for Him, and to exalt and worship God in all things."</p><br>
<p>The church building is a Victorian Gothic / Queen Anne style, generally square shaped structure completed in 1889. It is built of brick over a random ashlar rock faced foundation. It features a tall bell tower and asymmetrically gabled roofline. The interior layout is based upon the Akron plan.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>In June 2012, the church hired Jerry Platz as its new pastor.</p><br>
<p>Mount Yong Yap  is a mountain located along the Perak and Kelantan state border in Peninsular Malaysia. At 2,168 m, it is the 6th highest point in Peninsular Malaysia. This mountain is part of the Titiwangsa Rangewhich is an extension of the Tennaserim Range from Thailand. There are several logging trails that lead to the mountain and are only accessible via 4WD vehicles. There have been reports of tiger attacks in the past around this area. The latest known casualty was an orang asli who got mauled to death by a Malayan tiger. There are also the usual leeches and sand flies that populate the entire mountain. The mountain trail is deemed tough as there are fallen tree trunks, sharp-edged bamboos and thorny trees that poses a lot of challenge for hikers to get to the mountain&#39;s peak. The conical shape of the mountain means having to go up an extremely steep slope to the summit. This mountain is definitely not recommended for people inexperienced at climbingmountains in the tropical rainforest. The Mount Yong Yap trek is considered to be one of the most toughest mountain treks in Peninsula Malaysia.</p><br>
<h2>Reference</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home is located in Columbia, South Carolina and was one of the childhood homes of the 28th President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home, built in 1872, was the only home ever owned by the Wilson family. They lived there for four years, before Wilson&#39;s father resigned his position as pastor.</p><br>
<p>A grassroots movement in 1928 preserved the home and prevented its scheduled demolition. It opened to the public as a museum in 1932. The house is furnished with period pieces from the 1850s–1870s, although only a few were owned by the Wilson family. They include, although he was not born in the house, the bed on which Wilson was born.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In October 2005, the home closed to tours in preparation for a complete renovation of the structure and landscaping. In April 2009 the first of three phases of renovation began, starting with structural repairs. Phase two, which included a new building on the property, electrical upgrades and minor carpentry work, was completed in late 2012. The new building, located in an area where previous support buildings stood in the past, includes bathrooms, a catering kitchen and mechanical and electrical rooms to offer the ability to host events at the home. The renovation completed in 2013, with re-opening to the public planned for 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium  is a 750-seat historic Neoclassical auditorium located at 1301 Constitution Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. The auditorium, which connects two wings of the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, is owned by the USA government but available for use by the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>San Francisco-based American architect Arthur Brown, Jr. designed the auditorium as well as the two buildings adjacent to it. as are all the buildings in the Federal Triangle development. Six Doric columns form the auditorium&#39;s portico. Over the portico is a pediment titled "Columbia", by Edgar Walter. The sculpture on the pediment depicts Columbia (the feminine personification of the United States) seated on a throne-like chair, an eagle on her right, a nude youth on her left, and the rays of the sun spreading out behind her. Behind the portico, a second pediment sits over an archway which leads to the colonnade. This sculpture, by Edmond Romulus Amateis, depicts George Washington at the Battle of Trenton. The interior is in the Beaux Arts style. The interior lighting was designed by Brown, and consists of brass and aluminum chandeliers overhead and aluminum and gold leaf bracket lamps on the walls. The ceiling was originally painted blue.</p><br>
<p>Colonnades link the auditorium to the buildings to the east and west, and galleries in the Auditorium&#39;s rear provide interior passages to these buildings as well. The galleries have received much praise. One critic noted, "The open galleries linking the auditorium to its neighbors constitute one of the greatest passages in American architecture."</p><br>
<p>The entire structure has been called "one of the most magnificent auditoriums in the country."</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed as part of the Federal Triangle development. Although plans to redevelop the slum Murder Bay had existed for decades, Congress did not fund the purchase of land or construction of buildings in the area until 1926. In March 1927, the government proposed adding a second building to the east (between 12th and 13th Streets NW) for "Independent Offices" (the building&#39;s purpose was later changed to be the headquarters of the Interstate Commerce Commission, or ICC). Design work proceeded slowly. In April 1930, President Herbert Hoover proposed building a $2 million "Departmental Auditorium" to connect the Labor and ICC buildings.</p><br>
<p>President Hoover laid the cornerstones for the Labor/ICC building on December 15, 1932. Freemasons trained in masonry assisted the President in laying the cornerstones. Hoover personally oversaw the dedication of the cornerstone at the Labor end of the building. His words were broadcast over loudspeaker to the workers at the ICC end of the structure, who placed the ICC cornerstone simultaneously at the President&#39;s instruction (becoming the first time in Washington history that a single person dedicated two cornerstones at the same time). William Green, President of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), attended the laying of the cornerstone for the Labor building.</p><br>
<p>The Labor/ICC building and Departmental Auditorium were dedicated on February 25, 1935. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins dedicated the $4.5 million Labor building at a ceremony attended by AFL President Green. The ICC portion of the structure cost $4.45 million. The dedications occurred in the Auditorium, and constituted the first event ever held there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Several important events in American and world history have occurred in the Mellon Auditorium. President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the re-institution of conscription in 1940 from the Auditorium stage. The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty that established NATO occurred in the Auditorium on April 4, 1949. President Bill Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement there in 1994. The 9/11 Commission released its findings in the Auditorium in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The USA Environmental Protection Agency took occupancy of the Labor/ICC building in 2002, and the complex was renamed the William J. Clinton Federal Building in 2013. The Departmental Auditorium was renamed the Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium in 1987 to honor Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, who oversaw the development of the Federal Triangle construction project and plans for the Departmental Auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The Mellon Auditorium was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site in 1966. It was renovated and restored in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Congregation Beth Israel, also known as the Orchard Street Shul, is a traditional synagogue at 232 Orchard Street in New Haven, Connecticut. The synagogue building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1913 by an orthodox congregation that was formed by Jewish families who had prospered sufficiently to move beyond the neighborhood of first immigrant settlement around Oak and Lafayette Streets to the area of upper Oak Street (renamed Legion Avenue in 1928) and Winthrop Avenue. First meeting in leased space, in 1915 the congregation moved into a remodeled house at 147 Orchard Street. In 1923 they purchased a lot at 232 Orchard Street for $12,000 (today $) and built the present Colonial revival style building in 1925. The architect was Louis Abramowitz and the builder was C. Abbadessa.</p><br>
<p>By the late twentieth century, the membership was elderly, the Jewish population of the city had moved elsewhere, and the future of the synagogue was in doubt.</p><br>
<p>Efforts to preserve the synagogue were organized by the Cultural Heritage Artists Project and the synagogue returned to regular weekly use during 2011 under the leadership of Rabbi Mendy Hecht, whose grandfather Rabbi Maurice I. Hecht had been rabbi at the shul for 45 years, and whose father Rabbi Sheya Hecht had also served in the pulpit.</p><br>
<p>The synagogue was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The synagogue website describes the historic restoration of the Orchard Street Shul that has taken place during 2012 and that there are traditional Shabbat services held every Saturday morning at 9:30 AM as well as on all Jewish holidays, with no tickets or membership required to attend High Holiday services.</p><br>
<p>The Multnomah County Poor Farm is a former poor farm located in Troutdale, Oregon, United States. Established in 1911, the building and its surrounding grounds operated as a poor farm housing the ill and indigent populations in the Portland metropolitan area at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the closure of a poor farm in the city&#39;s West Hills. Over the course of the century, the farm would come to be used as a nursing home before becoming abandoned in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Since 1990, the site is operated as an entertainment and lodging complex under the name McMenamins Edgefield, one of several historic properties owned, restored, and operated by the McMenamins enterprise. The property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment</h3><br>
<p>In 1854 the territorial legislature gave the counties the responsibility of caring for the poor. 1868 saw the first paupers farm open in the west hills of Portland. This facility, called Hillside Farm, occupied 160 acre near Canyon Road in Portlands West Hills; the site is now part of Washington Park.</p><br>
<p>Hillside Farm was closed down due to the "deplorable" condition of the building, and the Multnomah County Poor Farm was built to replace it on a budget of USD$100,000. The main building was constructed by a plastering crew as well as Swedish immigrants who worked as carpenters on bricklayers. In November 1911, 211 residents moved to the new farm in Troutdale. This new facility was the largest county-funded relief institution in Oregon. By 1914, the farm housed a total of 302 residents who helped manage various farm animals and crops.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion</h3><br>
<p>In 1934 an infirmary wing was built to care for the aging population of the farm. In 1935, its population peaked at 614. The main building became a nursing home, which was named Edgefield Manor. Farm operations also were discontinued during this time. The entire complex was declared as the Edgefield Center by county commissioners in 1964.</p><br>
<h3>Dissolution and restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1972, the county proposed closing the entire Edgefield facilities down, and an estimate for necessary renovations made three years later was valued at $400,000. In 1982, the remaining three patients at the facility were relocated before its official closure. During 1985, county committees decided to remove all buildings from the area except for the jail. The reason was to market the land to potential buyers. In 1986, the Troutdale Historical Society challenged the decision to destroy all of the buildings on the property. They claimed that the buildings had historical importance and needed to be preserved. In 1990, Edgefield was named to the National Register of Historic Places. That same year, the facility was purchased by McMenamins. It features restaurants, pubs, gardens, movie theaters, a golf course, wedding locales, and an outdoor concert venue that hosts international musical acts.</p><br>
<p>Iron Bridge Lodge is a house on the Aldford Approach to Eaton Hall, Cheshire, England. It is sited on the banks of the River Dee and is close to Aldford Iron Bridge. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lodge was built for the 1st Duke of Westminster in 1894–95 and was designed by the Chester firm of architects Douglas and Fordham.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Iron Bridge Lodge is built in two storeys with attics and a single-storey extension, the lower storey being in red brick and the upper storey jettied and timber-framed. The main part of the house has two bays facing the river. In the lower storey, the left bay has a two-light mullioned window and in the right bay is a similar window with four lights. In the upper storey each bay has a four-light oriel window with a small two-light window in the attics above. There are two red-brick chimneys, a larger one in the centre and a smaller one at the left rear, each with blue-brick diapering and spiral moulded flues.</p><br>
<p>Jodrell Hall is a country house near Jodrell Bank in the parish of Twemlow, in the county of Cheshire, England.</p><br>
<p>Requisitioned during World War II, the building later became a educational establishment, now known as Terra Nova School. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1779 as a country house in the Georgian style, in 1885 the Chester architect John Douglas added a south wing and a porch to the mansion for the Egerton Leigh family (also of West Hall, High Legh).</p><br>
<p>Jodrell Hall became a preparatory school since 1955.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The hall is built in red brick with sandstone dressings and a slate roof. Its plan consists of a five-bay central block, and north and south three-bay wings. The central block and the north wing have three storeys; the south block has two storeys and an attic. The middle three bays of the central block project slightly forwards and are surmounted by a pediment with an oculus in its tympanum. The south wing has shaped gables over the middle bay and on the gable end.</p><br>
<p>Eccleston Ferry House is a farmhouse to the southeast of the village of Eccleston, Cheshire, England. It is situated on the east bank of the River Dee near the site of an ancient ferry crossing of the river The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1887 for Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster and designed by the Chester architect John Douglas.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The farmhouse is constructed in Ruabon red brick, with red sandstone dressings and some timber framing, on a stone plinth. The main front faces the river and has four bays. The right bay projects forwards and has two storeys; the lower storey is in brick and is canted, the upper storey is timber-framed and has a gable. The middle two bays contain a porch and a dormer, and the left bay has some brick diapering.</p><br>
<h2>Associated structures</h2><br>
<p>In the garden is a structure described as a bandstand or a café. It was also designed by Douglas for the duke, and was used for visitors taking boat trips on the adjacent River Dee. It is an open timber-framed building with a timber balustrade standing on a sandstone plinth, and with a red tiled roof. The structure has a tiebeam inscribed with the date 1888, and carrying a plaster panel depicting a goddess with serpent staff and a cornucopia, which is flanked by dolphins and with the motto "PEACE AND PLENTY". It is also designated as a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
